2012年6月28日 星期四

幸福,才是國家競爭力/我看臺灣這四十六年(鄒至莊)/《梆笛協奏曲》《流浪者之 歌》,Fakes and status in China


20120627 06:13 AM
我看臺灣這四十六年
美國普林斯頓大學經濟學榮譽教授 鄒至莊 為英國《金融時報》中文網撰稿

這次回臺灣參加中央研究院第30次院士會議,是我從1970年第一次參加後的四十二年,這又是我在1966年第一次回臺灣後的四十六年——1966年,我也是訪問中央研究院的經濟研究所,被邀請作計量經濟學的演講。回想臺灣過去的四十六年,值得向大家報告。

1996年被請回臺灣,是因為臺灣的政府歡迎海外的中國學者回來參加經濟建設的工作,把他們當作臺灣的人民。1966年臺灣是相當窮的,中央研究院現在的設備大部分還沒有建立,我們住在研究院對面的一所日本式平房,外面可以看見水牛,但是經濟研究所已經成立,我是在所裏做報告的。

臺灣的經濟發展,大部分依靠國民政府從中國大陸引進的中國最優秀的人才領導經濟的發展。這些人才在政府服務的包括葉公超、嚴家淦、李國鼎、孫運璿、沈宗瀚、俞國華和其他能幹的菁英;在教育界與學術界有胡適(不幸在研究院開會1962年過世)、王世傑(當過外交部長和中研院在臺灣第一任的院長)、錢思亮(當過台大的校長與中研院的院長),還有其他在中研院非常傑出的研究員。我幸運的有機會與為臺灣建設的菁英在工作上跟他們學習實在獲益不少。

我的機會也是臺灣政府與領導人們對海外學者的倚重,當時幾位經濟學的院士有劉大中、蔣碩傑、邢慕寰,都是我的前輩,還有顧應昌與費景漢從1967年開始我們當了蔣介石的經濟顧問,每年暑期回到臺灣與臺灣行政院的五人小組合作研究臺灣經濟發展的方向。回來以後第一個星期五人小組包括行政院秘書長,中央銀行行長、經濟部長、財政部長、行政院主計處長,每天早晨從九點到十二點由他們解說臺灣最近的經濟問題,以後幾周院士們共同對經濟問題做研究,研究結果與建議我們再向五人小組報告,經過大家同意院士們把報告公開發表在臺灣的報紙上,公開發表的重要作用是政府要臺灣人民知道經濟政策是經過經濟學家的討論與慎重考慮決定的。

臺灣經濟發展的另一方面是技術的引進。李國鼎對這方面的貢獻很大,其中最重要的專案是在新竹建立新竹科學園區,把電子與相關的技術引進,這個政策與用國營企業來辦電子與相關的企業是不同的。臺灣的政策還是希望民營企業去辦電子企業,政府的角色只是引進技術而已,這個項目也靠了一般在美國的專家回來幫忙,一個最成功的例子是李國鼎請了張忠謀博士回來先當新竹科學園區院長,後來1987年由政府的資助建立臺灣積電體路公司。

今天海外學人對臺灣經濟發展的貢獻不如以往,這也是當然的:一方面臺灣自己已經有一干非常優秀的人才,另一方面經過經濟發展以後政府的功能減少了——其中有兩個原因,第一臺灣建立了民主制度,使得政府對經濟政策的制定與執行效率沒有從前好,第二是臺灣經濟已經相當的發展,進一步發展的速度會減慢。當然,臺灣政府還是歡迎海外學人回來幫助臺灣的建設,每一次在院士會都有一段時間來討論中研院與院士們對臺灣建設的項目,討論的結果會在報紙上刊登。

中國大陸的政府也非常歡迎海外的學人回國服務,政府決定了不少政策,例如兩千人計畫。一般而言,回內地的中國學人比較19601970年代回臺灣的年輕,因為中國留學生從1980年以後才能出國求學,但不少年輕的海歸已在政府與教育界有相當重要的職務,他們介紹了海外的有些思想幫助中國的發展。

最後,我想談談中國大陸與臺灣的經濟合作。經濟的融合可以從四方面談,就是貿易、投資、人才的流動與由前三者帶來的技術,這兩個經濟體在四方面都有合作。1980年代臺灣在中國大陸投資促進了大陸的經濟發展,1990年以後大陸的經濟也進步了;雙方的貿易與投資對彼此都有好處,人才的交流也增加,就中研院來說已經選舉了中國大陸的公民當了院士。中國大陸政府非常歡迎臺灣的人才到內地參與經濟建設,包括有些從前在臺灣當過行政院副院長與部長的。臺灣政府還沒有那麼開放,可能因為政治因素。我想以後兩方面人才的交流會繼續增加。

(注:鄒至莊,美籍華人經濟學家、美國普林斯頓大學經濟學榮譽教授、臺灣中央研究院院士。1960年提出著名的“鄒氏檢驗”,曾向臺灣及中國大陸提供經濟政策諮詢,八十年代實施“鄒至莊留學計畫”,經濟學家楊小凱、李稻葵、許小年、胡祖六等人受益於此。本文僅代表作者本人觀點。)

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文.蕭富元 2012-06 



「世界十大偉大社會」台灣上榜,名列第十。《天下》「幸福指數調查」即將公布結果!在資本主義的巨輪下,全球競爭愈來愈殘酷,台灣怎樣才能幸福?答案:從國家到個人,都需要勇敢改變。


最近,台灣媒體引述新加坡、韓國官員和學者的說法,將台灣近年發展形容為「失敗案例」。人才外流,所得停滯,政策搖擺,缺乏方向;一下雨就淹水,一淹水就開罵,一開罵就分藍綠,一分藍綠就什麼事也做不了。說得都對。可是,台灣真的這麼「失敗」嗎?


根據主計處公布,去年台灣人均GDP首破兩萬美元,家庭平均淨資產達九七九萬台幣,雙雙創歷史新高。 台灣個人富有的程度,在亞洲排名第四。經過購買力平價計算後(PPP),台灣人均GDP甚至比日本、韓國還要高。


六月中,兩位美國大學商學院教授莫杜庫塔斯(Panos Mourdoukoutas)和史特凡尼迪斯(Abraham Stefanidis),從經濟機會與生活品質兩面向,各五個指標評比,將台灣列為「世界十大偉大社會」第十名。第一名是德國,在亞洲,台灣只輸日本(第 五)與韓國(第八)。

中山大學政治經濟系教授劉孟奇觀察,台灣經濟成長、財富增加,但民眾的幸福感卻沒有跟著增加。他用「依斯特林悖論」(Easterlin Paradox)來解釋這個現象。


兩隻怪獸吃掉幸福感


劉孟奇認為,有兩隻「住在人心裡面的怪獸」吃掉了幸福感。一隻怪獸叫做「比較」,即使現在過得還不錯,但跟別人比、跟自己過去比,幸福感還是會被抵銷。
另一隻怪獸名叫「適應」,民眾很快適應新增加的所得,對此無感。更重要的原因是,幸福的度量衡已經改變了,而台灣社會卻仍擁抱舊標準。

從OECD(經濟合作與發展組織)、WEF(世界經濟論壇)、歐盟到聯合國,前仆後繼投入研究,紛紛試圖提出一套超越GDP、新的世人追求目標的理論架構。 第一位獲得諾貝爾經濟學獎的心理學家卡尼曼(Daniel Kahneman),很早就主張用幸福來衡量國家表現。他認為,國家存在的意義,是為人民創造更多快樂。幸福感高的國家,才是有競爭力的國家。

幸福,就是國家競爭力


最新的國家競爭力理論,是把經濟數字、社會公義和永續環境納入計算。 哥倫比亞大學地球研究所所長薩克斯(Jeffrey Sachs),今年四月為聯合國做了第一份《全球快樂國家報告》。

薩克斯在報告中歸納,國家的競爭力是經濟、社會、環境三面向表現的總合。這三個面向加起來,構成了國家的幸福。薩克斯直言,幸福就是國家的競爭力。 經濟思潮會出現這個重大轉折,除了是看到盲目追求GDP的荒謬,和資本主義崩壞,也有很大關係。


台灣怎麼樣才能幸福?答案:從國家到個人,都需要勇敢改變。


長榮交響樂團受邀赴義大利巡演。 (長榮樂團/提供)
記者趙靜瑜、凌美雪/台北報導

台 灣表演團隊遠征歐陸,屢傳好評!長榮交響樂團獲邀拉維納音樂節(Ravenna Festival) 及拉維羅音樂節(Ravello Festival)之邀,前往義大利演出,也讓台灣作曲家馬水龍的《梆笛協奏曲》傳揚國際;雲門舞集則受奧地利茵斯布魯克夏日舞蹈節之邀,演出《流浪者之 歌》,東方哲思加上台灣舞者的精準演出,讓1600位觀眾跺腳擊掌,感動連連。

三度出訪歐洲,長榮交響樂團帶去的音樂不但有西方交響曲,還有台灣作曲家作品以及民謠,並邀約剛獲得金曲獎殊榮的梆笛演奏家陳中申隨團演出,帶去馬水龍《梆笛協奏曲》。23日晚則在義大利拉維羅音樂節演出,不少樂迷對於來自東方的交響樂團感到新鮮好奇。

同 樣是端午節的晚上,大家都在過節,但是雲門舞集舞者卻在千里之外與喬治亞魯斯塔維合唱團在奧地利茵斯布魯克夏日舞蹈節聯手演出林懷民經典舞作《流浪者之 歌》,如聖僧般的歌聲長揚加上來自台灣的黃金稻穀鋪天蓋地流瀉舞台,現場1600位爆滿觀眾跺腳歡呼,屬於台灣的創作力在世界舞台,有了最好的表達。......


Free exchange

Fakes and status in China

China is known for “malinvestment”. Its consumption habits are also pretty dodgy


MOST shop windows proudly showcase what can be bought inside. The window of the Silk Street Market, a touristy shopping centre in Beijing, is a bit different. It displays a pair of official notices advertising what cannot be bought inside. These non-offerings include luxury brands such as Prada, Louis Vuitton and Burberry. The notices are meant to save customers from buying fakes unwittingly. But many still buy them wittingly. You could almost say that counterfeits remain Silk Street’s trademark, despite the market’s efforts to stamp them out. On the ground floor, a purple “Paul Smith” polo-shirt from a Guangzhou factory was offered to your correspondent for 1,285 yuan ($200), a price which eventually fell to 150 yuan. It is not easy to walk away from such bargains. Especially when the stall holder will not let go of your coat.
Economists and policymakers around the world want China to consume more. They are eager for it to reduce its dependence on investment, which amounted to almost half of GDP last year. No economy that invests so heavily can possibly invest it all wisely. Economists therefore worry about a widespread misallocation of capital, or “malinvestment”. But some of China’s consumption is also a bit questionable.
Fake goods are rife. Researchers once stopped every fifth person in a Shanghai mall and asked them about their buying habits. Of the 202 who completed the survey, almost three-quarters admitted to buying knock-off luxury goods. The resulting paper* by Ian Phau and Min Teah of Curtin University of Technology in Australia was titled “Devil wears (counterfeit) Prada”. Some people buy luxury brands as an act of self-expression. Others buy them as an act of social emulation. They want to wear the same brands as the people they aspire to be. The Chinese are more likely to be this second type of buyer, according to Lingjing Zhan of Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Yanqun He of Fudan University. And, other studies suggest, such status-seeking consumers are more likely to buy counterfeits.
A Prada handbag is a bundle of two things: a well-made product and a well-marketed brand. But some consumers value prestige, not quality. Fakes allow shoppers to “consume” the prestigious brand without buying the high-quality good, as Gene Grossman of Princeton and Carl Shapiro, now of the University of California, Berkeley, pointed out in a seminal 1988 paper. This unbundling no doubt drives Prada and others mad, but it would seem to be a boon to consumers.
Or is it? As Messrs Grossman and Shapiro also point out, a luxury brand confers status only because it is exclusive. It has to be “widely popular but not widely accessible”, as one marketing professor puts it. People who buy Prada are paying for exclusivity. The devils who wear counterfeit Prada erode that exclusivity, imposing an “externality” on owners of the genuine article.
As counterfeiters rush to replicate a brand, the brand owners fight to distinguish themselves from the fakes. In a recent paper, Yi Qian of Kellogg School of Management studies the response of branded Chinese shoemakers to an influx of fakes after the government shifted its enforcement efforts to more urgent things, such as stamping out counterfeit food, drugs and alcohol. Many shoemakers reacted by improving the quality of their footwear, importing Italian pattern-pressing machines and using pricier materials, such as crocodile skin. Their response contradicts the popular notion that fakes inhibit innovation and investment. But firms also raised prices by more than was warranted by their extra costs. Buyers of fakes therefore impose a cost on people who want to buy the real thing. They make brands less exclusive—or more expensive.
But it is possible that buying genuine luxuries imposes an externality of its own. Status, after all, is a “positional” good. To be top of the social heap, it is not enough to have fine things. Your things need to be finer than everyone else’s. Someone who buys a more expensive watch or car to climb up the social ladder forces other social climbers to spend more to stay ahead. In making their purchase, they will carefully weigh how much prestige their big spending will buy. But they will not take into account how much extra everyone else will now have to spend to preserve their social position. As a result of these “arms races”, China may be overspending on luxury goods. Its shoppers account for only 6% of the world’s consumer spending, but, according to figures released by Bain Consulting last month, they now account for 20% of global sales of luxury goods.
Sympathy for the devil
These wasteful status games are not confined to China’s finely dressed elites. In China’s villages, people cement their position in the local pecking order by hosting expensive weddings, funerals and other ceremonies for their own family and buying costly gifts for other people’s. Xi Chen and Ravi Kanbur of Cornell University, and Xiaobo Zhang of the International Food Policy Research Institute, have studied the “gift-books” kept by households in 18 poor villages in the mountains of Guizhou, a southern province. They found that the poorest households (those living on less than $1 a day at purchasing-power parity) spent about 30% of their budgets on gifts and festivals, twice as much as similarly impoverished Indians. When a household enjoyed a sudden windfall—such as compensation for requisitioned land—they would spend more, forcing everyone else to keep pace. Economists fret that Chinese investment is marred by wasteful prestige projects, orchestrated by local bigwigs seeking to outdo one another. Perhaps its consumption is not that different.

Sources
"Devil wears (counterfeit) Prada: a study of antecedents and outcomes of attitudes towards counterfeits of luxury brands", by Ian Phau and Min Teah. Journal of Consumer Marketing 26/1 (2009)
"Understanding luxury consumption in China: Consumer perceptions of best-known brands", by Lingjing Zhan and Yanqun He. Journal of Business Research, in press
"Why do consumers buy counterfeit luxury brands?", by Keith Wilcox, Hyeong Min Kim and Sankar Sen
"Foreign counterfeiting of status goods", by Gene Grossman and Carl Shapiro, 1988
"The impact of counterfeiting on genuine-item consumers' brand relationships", by Suraj Commuri
"Brand management and strategies against counterfeits", by Yi Qian, 2012
"Peer Effects, Risk Pooling, and Status Seeking: What Explains Gift Spending Escalation in Rural China?" by Xi Chen, Ravi Kanbur and Xiaobo Zhang. IFPRI Discussion Paper December 2011
Economist.com/blogs/freeexchange

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